Key citations for the facts, statistics, and other information on the Teen Driver Source website are listed here organized by section. Young Driver Safety researchers at the Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia help to ensure that this information is evidenced-informed and current with the state of the science.

key citations for Thinking of Driving section

key citations for Learning to Drive section

key citations for Driving Alone section

key citations for Teen Crash Risks & Prevention section

key citations for Advocacy & Education section

THINKING OF DRIVING

Recommended Minimum GDL Provisions

• Moore TJ, Morris T. Shaping the Habits of Teen Drivers (April 2021).  NBER Working Paper No. w28707.
• Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Map-21: Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21^st Century Act. Available at fmcsa.dot.gov. 
• Williams A, et al. Teenage Driver Licensing in Relation to State Laws. Accid Anal Prev.1985 April: 17(2):135-45.
• Kyleigh's Law, New Jersey, S2314 (2009). Available from the State of New Jersey Legislature website.
• Williams AF, et al. Evaluation of New Jersey’s Graduated Driver Licensing Program. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010 February: 11(1):1-7.
• New Jersey Department of Criminal Justice. Kyleigh's Law, Interim Report; April 2011. Available from the Official State of New Jersey website.
• Curry AE, García-España JF, Winston FK, Ginsburg K, Durbin DR. Variation in Teen Driver Education by State Requirements and Sociodemographics. Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):453-7.
• McCartt AT, Oesch NJ, Williams AF, and Powell TC. New Jersey's License Plate Decal Requirement for Graduated Driver Licenses: Attitudes of Parents and Teenagers, Observed Decal Use, and Citations for Teenage Driving Violations.Traffic Inj Prev. 2012 April; 14(3):244-258.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Localio R, Durbin DR. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23253643/. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jul;47(1):103.
• Williams AF, et al. Views of New Jersey Teenagers About Their State’s Policies for Beginning Drivers. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. June 27, 2013. 
• Curry AE,  Pfeiffer MR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Kim KH. Young Driver Licensing in New Jersey: Rates and Trends, 2006-2011. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. July 2014. 
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014:1-7.
• Insurance Institute for Traffic Safety. Status Report: Teen Crashes Fall Since Advent of Graduated Licensing. July 30, 2014. 
• Curry AH, Elliott MR, Pfeiffer MR, Kim KH, Durbin DR. Long-term Changes in Crash Rates After Introduction of a Graduated Driver Licensing Decal Provision. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Feb;48(2):121-127.
• Curry AE, Metzger K, Williams AF, Tefft BC. Comparison of Older and Younger Novice Driver Crash Rates: Informing the Need for Extended Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;108:66-73.
• Curry AE, Foss RD, Williams AF. Graduated Driver Licensing for Older Novice Drivers: Critical Analysis of the Issues. Am J Prev Med. 2017.

Learner’s Permit

• Winston FK, Kandadai V, Hill SD (2019). Ohio Portable Driver Simulation System Pilot: Implementation of a Virtual Driving Test Within Ohio's Driver Licensing Workflow (Research Brief). Philadelphia, PA. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute. 
• Vanlaar W, Mayhew DR, Marcoux K, Wets G, Brijs T, Shope JT. An Evaluation of Graduated Driver Licensing Programs in North America Using a Meta-Analytic Approach. Accid Anal Prev. 2009,41(5):1104-1111.
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Nov;55(5):620-6.
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Winston FK, Wang W, Elliott MR, Schultheis MT, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Aug;168(8):764-71.
• Winston FK, Mirman JH, Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Engagement with the TeenDrivingPlan and Diversity of Teens' Supervised Practice Driving: Lessons for Internet-based Learner Driver Interventions. Inj Prev. 2015 Feb;21(1):4-9.

Intermediate Period

• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR. Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):47-54. 
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement: The Teen Driver. 2006. 
• Chen LH, Baker SP, Braver ER, Li G. Carrying Passengers as a Risk Factor for Crashes Fatal to 16- and 17-year-old Drivers. JAMA. 2000 March 29;283(12):1578-82.
• Tefft BC, Williams AF, Grabowski JG. Teen Driver Risk in Relation to Age and Number of Passengers. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. May 2012. 
• Winston FK, Kallan MJ, Senserrick TM, Elliot MR. Risk Factors for Death Among Older Children and Teenaged Motor Vehicle Passengers. Arch Ped Adol Med. 2008; 162(3):253-260.
• Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Driving Through the Eyes of Teens: A Closer Look. 2009.
• McDonald CC, Kandadai V, Sommers MS, Winston FK. Comparison of Teen and Adult Driver Crash Scenarios in a Nationally Representative Sample of Serious Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Nov; 72:302-308.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• Simons-Morton BG, Hartos JL, Leaf WA. Promoting Parental Management of Teen Driving. Inj Prev.2002;8 Suppl 2:ii24-ii30;discussionii30-ii31.

Speeding Laws

• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal and Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 582). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Summary of Motor Vehicle Crashes. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 794). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Speeding. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 687). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Seat Belt Laws

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Speeding: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Curry AE, Garcia-Espana JF, Winston FK, Ginsburg K, Durbin D. Variation in Teen Driver Education by State Requirements and Sociodemographics. Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):453-7.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Seat Belt Facts. Accessed January 29, 2021. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary Enforcement of Seat Belt Laws: Fact Sheet. Accessed November 6, 2017.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) database (Web page). Available at www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/leading_causes_death.html
• Enriquez J, Pickrell TM. (2019, January). Seat Belt Use in 2018 -- Overall Results (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No.  DOT HS 812 662). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  

Impaired Driving Laws

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, August, Revised). Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 578). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

• Smith Dana G. A Higher Standard: America's Drunk Driving Limit. New York Times. August 4, 2024.

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Hadland SE, Xuan Z, Sarda V Blanchette J, et. al. Alcohol-Related Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities Among Young People in the US. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar; 139(3).
• Peck RC, Gebers, MA, Voas RB, Romano E. The Relationship Between Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), Age, and Crash Risk. J Safety Res. 2008: 39:311-19.
• Voas RB, Torres P, Romano E, Lacey JH. Alcohol-related Risk of Driver Fatalities: An Update Using 2007 data. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008:73(3):341-350.
• DeJong W, Blanchette J. Case Closed: Research Evidence on the Positive Public Health Impact of the Age 21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75 Suppl 17:108-115.
• Romano E, Torres-Saavedra P, Voas RB, Lacey JH. Drugs and Alcohol: Their Relative Crash Risk. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 Jan; 75(1):56-64.
• Li G, Brady JE, Chen Q. Drug Use and Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Case-Control Study. Accid Anal Prev. 2013 Nov;60:205-10.
• Governors Highway Safety Association. Impaired Driving Laws. Accessed June 14, 2021.
• Marijuana Policy Project. Zero Tolerance and Per Se Driving Laws. Accessed June 14, 2021.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

Marijuana Driving Laws

• National Conference of State Legislatures. State Medical Cannabis Laws. Accessed August 28, 2024.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Conference of State Legislatures (2022). Driving with Cannabis in a Vehicle. Accessed March 8, 2022. 
• Avril T. Rules of the Road: If You're Pulled Over. Philadelphia Inquirer. May 16, 2022. 
• Hubbard JA, Severson J, Huestis MA, Grant I, Fitzgerald RL. Driving Performance and Cannabis Users' Perception of Safety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 March 1;79(3):201-209.
• Monfort SS. Recreational Marijuana and Collision Claim Frequencies. October 2018. HLDI Bulletin. Vol. 35, No. 8.
• Romano E, Torres-Saavedra P, Voas RB, Lacey JH. Drugs and Alcohol: Their Relative Crash Risk. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 Jan; 75(1):56-64.
• Li G, Brady JE, Chen Q. Drug Use and Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Case-Control Study. Accid Anal Prev. 2013 Nov;60:205-10.
• Governors Highway Safety Association. Impaired Driving Laws. Accessed June 14, 2021.
• Marijuana Policy Project. Zero Tolerance and Per Se Driving Laws. Accessed June 14, 2021.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).

Distracted Driving Laws

• Governors Highway Safety Association. Distracted Driving State Laws. Accessed August 28, 2024.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Teen Distracted Driver Data. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Distracted Driving in 2022. (Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 559). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Delgado KM, Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Winston FK, McDonald CC, et al. Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. July 2024.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (NHTSA: DOT HS 813266). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Reagan IJ, Cicchino JB, Teoh ER, Cox AE. The Association Between Strengthened Cell Phone Laws and Police-reported Rear-End Crash Rates. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. August 2022.
• Flaherty MR, Kim AM, Salt MD, Lee LK. Distracted Driving Laws and Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities. Pediatrics. May 2020, 145(6): e20193621.
• McDonald CC, Delgado KM, Zonfrillo MR. Opportunities to Reduce Youth Distracted Driving and Adolescent Driver Motor Vehicle Crashes. Pediatrics. May 2020; 145(6):e20200419.
• Rudisill TM, Zhu M. The Association Between States’ Texting Regulations and the Prevalence of Texting While Driving Among U.S. High School Students. Annals of Epid. Dec. 2015;(25)12: 888-893.
• Ferdinand AO, Menachemi N, Blackburn JL, Sen B, Nelson L, Morrisey M. The Impact of Texting Bans on Motor Vehicle Crash-related Hospitalizations. Am J Public Health 2015 May;105(5):859-65.
• Ferdinand AO, Menachemi N, Sen B, Blackburn JL, Morrisey M, Nelson L. Impact of Texting Laws on Motor Vehicular Fatalities in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2014 Aug;104(8):1370-7.
• Ehsani JP, Bingham CR, Ionides E, Childers D. The Impact of Michigan's Text Messaging Restriction on Motor Vehicle Crashes. J Adolesc Health. 2014 May;54(5 Suppl):S68-74.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview 2016 (Traffic Safety Facts Crash Stats. Report No. DOT HS 812 456). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed November 6, 2017. 
• Carney C, McGehee D, Harland H, Weiss M, and Raby M. Using Naturalistic Driving Data to Assess the Prevalence of Environment Factors and Driver Behaviors in Teen Driver Crashes. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. March 2015. 
• Governors Highway Safety Association. Distracted Driving State Laws. Accessed March 21, 2019. 
• McCartt AT, Kidd DG, Teoh ER. Driver Cellphone and Texting Bans in the United States: Evidence of Effectiveness. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. 2014 March; 58: 99-114.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin D.  Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-90.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliot MR. Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):47-54. 
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Distracted Driving: Topic Overview. Accessed November 6, 2017. 
• Delgado MK, McDonald CC, Winston FK, Halpern SD, Buttenheim AM, Setubal C, Huang Y, Saulsgiver KA, Lee YC. Attitudes on Technological, Social, and Behavioral Economic Strategies to Reduce Cellphone Use While Driving in Teens.Traffic Injury Prevention. 2018 April 13 (e-pub ahead of print).
• Walshe EA, Winston FK, Romer D, Betancourt LM, Arena K. Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Pattern of Risk in Young Novice Drivers. Academic Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatology. 2018;6(5).

Learning to Drive

Practice Driving Lessons from TDP
Driving Basics
Driving Environments
Parking Lots
Residential Roads
Intermediate Roads
Commercial Roads
Highways
Country Roads
Additional Challenges

• Kelleher S, Gonzalez AK, Cheng S, Koepke N, Walshe EA, Millner J, Fischer JC, Schlotter CM, Winston FK, Fiks AG. Testing A New Care Model: Implementing A Virtual Driving Assessment in Primary Care. Annals of Family Medicine. July-August 2024; 22(4):357.
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Nov;55(5):620-6.
• Kelleher S, Gonzalez AK, Cheng S, Koepke N, Walshe EA, Millner J, Fischer JC, Schlotter CM, Winston FK, Fiks AG. Testing A New Care Model: Implementing A Virtual Driving Assessment in Primary Care. Annals of Family Medicine. July-August 2024; 22(4):357.
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Winston FK, Wang W, Elliott MR, Schultheis MT, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Aug;168(8):764-71.
• Winston FK, Mirman JH, Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Engagement with the TeenDrivingPlan and Diversity of Teens' Supervised Practice Driving: Lessons for Internet-based Learner Driver Interventions. Inj Prev. 2015 Feb;21(1):4-9.
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Schultheis MT, Brant CL, Wang W, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Development of On-Road Driving Assessment for Learner Teen Drivers.Trans Res Rec: J Trans Res Board. 2014 Jan;2465:64-72.

Older Novice Drivers

• Curry AE, Metzger K, Williams AF, Tefft BC. Comparison of Older and Younger Novice Driver Crash Rates: Informing the Need for Extended Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;108:66-73.
• Curry AE, Foss RD, Williams AF. Graduated Driver Licensing for Older Novice Drivers: Critical Analysis of the Issues. Am J Prev Med. 2017.
• Curry AE,  Pfeiffer MR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Kim KH. Young Driver Licensing in New Jersey: Rates and Trends, 2006-2011. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. July 2014. 
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Kim KH. Young Driver Crash Rates in New Jersey by Driving Experience, Age, and License Phase. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. October 2014. 

Driving With Neurodevelopmental Differences

• Myers R, Labows C, McDonald C, Yerys B, Sartin E, Carey M, Mollen C, Curry C. Preparing to "Live a Life of Possibilities": Experiences of Healthcare Providers Readying Autistic Adolescents and Their Families for Independent Driving. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. April 25, 2024 (online first).
• Sartin E, Webb MS, Labows C, Myers RK, Yerys BE, McDonald CC, Curry AE. Caregivers' Perspectives on Use of and Need for Driving Resources for Their Autistic Adolescent. Autism in Adulthood. June 22, 2023. 
• Congenital Heart Disease and Driving.Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. February 2023.
• Myers RK, Labows C, Yerys BE, McDonald CC, Sartin EB, Mollen CJ, Curry AE. Transition to Adulthood for Autistic Adolescents: Topics Discussed by Healthcare Providers With Autistic Patients and Families. Journal of Adolescent Health. February 11, 2022 (online).
• Sartin EB, Myers RK, et,al. Brief Report: Healthcare Providers' Discussions Regarding Transportation and Driving with Autistic and Non-Autistic Patients. J Autism Dev Disord. Dec. 1, 2001,
• Unger A, Winston FK, Ruggieri DG, Remba J. Understanding Clinician Strategies for Discussing Driving Fitness with Patients: An Initiative to Improve Provider-Patient Discussions About Safe Driving. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2021 Oct. Epub ahead of print.
• Myers RK, Carey ME, Bonsu JM, Yerys BE, Mollen CJ, Curry AE. Behind the Wheel: Specialized Driving Instructors' Experiences and Strategies for Teaching Autistic Adolescents to Drive. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2021.
• Curry AE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Sartin EB, Huang P, Yerys BE. Comparison of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Traffic Violations, and License Suspensions Between Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescent and Young Adult Drivers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021.
• Carey ME. Teens with ADHD Need Medical Monitoring Around Driver Readiness. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. March 24, 2020.  
• Curry AE, Yerys BE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Power TJ. Traffic Crashes, Violations, and Suspensions Among Young Drivers with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2019. 
• Curry AE, Yerys BE, Huang P, Metzger K. Longitudinal Study of Driver Licensing Rates Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism. 2017:1362361317699586
• Huang P, Kao T, Curry AE, Durbin D.  Factors Associated with Driving in Teens with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Dev Behav Ped. 2012;33(1):70-4.
• Lee Y-C, Ward C, Winston FK, Huang P, et al. Design of an Experimental Protocol to Examine Medication Non-Adherence Among Young Drivers Diagnosed with ADHD: A Driving Simulator Study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2018.
• Baker JM, Drews-Botsch C, Pfeiffer MR, Curry AE. Driver Licensing and Motor Vehicle Crash Rates Among Young Adults with Amblyopia and Unilateral Vision Impairment. J AAPOS. 2019.

ADHD and Driving

• Congenital Heart Disease and Driving.Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. February 2023.
• Curry, AE, Sartin EB, Metzger KB, McDonald CC, Carey ME, Power TJ, Yerys BE. Real-World Crash Circumstances Among Newly Licensed Adolescent Drivers With and Without ADHD. Journal of Adolescent Health. April 13, 2022 (online).
• Carey ME. Teens with ADHD Need Medical Monitoring Around Driver Readiness. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. March 24, 2020.  
• Moss CM, Metzger K, Carey ME, Blum NJ, Curry AE, Power TJ. Chronic Care for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Clinical Management from Childhood Through Adolescence. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2020.
• Bishop HJ, Curry AE, Stavrinos D, Mirman JH. Characterizing the Learning-to-Drive Period for Teens with Attention Deficits. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2019.
• Curry AE, Yerys BE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Power TJ. Traffic Crashes, Violations, and Suspensions Among Young Drivers with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2019. 
• McDonald CC, Sommers M, Fargo JD, Seacrist T. Simulated Driving Performance, Self-Reported Driving Behaviors, and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescent Novice Drivers. Nursing Research. 2018 March 26 (publish ahead of print).
• Curry AE, Metzger KB, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Winston FK, Power TJ. Motor Vehicle Crash Risk Among Adolescents and Young Adults with ADHD. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug 1;171(8):756-763. 
• The Association for Driver Rehabilitation Specialists. Driving and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Fact Sheet). Accessed November 17, 2017.
• Power TJ. Preparing Your Teen with ADHD for Safe Driving. Center for Management of ADHD at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. 
• Lee Y-C, Ward C, Winston FK, Huang P, et al. Design of an Experimental Protocol to Examine Medication Non-Adherence Among Young Drivers Diagnosed with ADHD: A Driving Simulator Study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2018.

Autism and Driving

• McDonald C, Labows C, Myers R, Sartin E, Yerys B, Carey M, Mollen C, Curry A. Healthcare Providers Perspectives On Autistic Adolescents Transitioning to Independent Driving. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, November 18, 2024 (online first).
• McDonald C, Yerys B, Sartin E, Carey M, Mollen C, Curry C. Preparing to "Live a Life of Possibilities": Experiences of Healthcare Providers Readying Autistic Adolescents and Their Families for Independent Driving. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, April 25, 2024 (online first).
• Sartin E, Webb MS, Labows C, Myers RK, Yerys BE, McDonald CC, Curry AE. Caregivers' Perspectives on Use of and Need for Driving Resources for Their Autistic Adolescent. Autism in Adulthood. June 22, 2023. 
• Myers RK, Labows C, Yerys BE, McDonald CC, Sartin EB, Mollen CJ, Curry AE. Transition to Adulthood for Autistic Adolescents: Topics Discussed by Healthcare Providers With Autistic Patients and Families. Journal of Adolescent Health. February 11, 2022 (online).
• Sartin EB, Myers RK, et,al. Brief Report: Healthcare Providers' Discussions Regarding Transportation and Driving with Autistic and Non-Autistic Patients. J Autism Dev Disord. Dec. 1, 2001,
• Myers RK, Carey ME, Bonsu JM, Yerys BE, Mollen CJ, Curry AE. Behind the Wheel: Specialized Driving Instructors' Experiences and Strategies for Teaching Autistic Adolescents to Drive. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2021.
• Curry AE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Sartin EB, Huang P, Yerys BE. Comparison of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Traffic Violations, and License Suspensions Between Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescent and Young Adult Drivers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021.
• Carey ME. Teens with ADHD Need Medical Monitoring Around Driver Readiness. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. March 24, 2020.  
• Drosey B. New Grant Awarded to Study Driving Among Autistic Teens, Cornerstone (blog). Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute. January 24, 2019.
• Myers, RK, Bonsu JM, Carey ME, Yerys B, Curry AE, Mollen CJ. Teaching Autistic Adolescents and Young Adults to Drive: Perspectives of Specialized Driving Instructors. Autism in Adulthood. May 22, 2019 (online ahead of print).
• Curry AE, Yerys BE, Huang P, Metzger K.  Longitudinal Study of Driver Licensing Rates Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism. 2017:1362361317699586
• Huang P, Kao T, Curry AE, Durbin D. Factors Associated with Driving in Teens with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Dev Beh Ped. 2012;33(1):70-4.
• Cox NB, Reeve RE, Cox SM, Cox DJ. Brief Report: Driving and Young Adults with ASD: Parents' Experiences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012 Oct;42(10):2257-62

Driving With A Medical Condition

• Unger A, Winston FK, Ruggieri DG, Remba J. Understanding Clinician Strategies for Discussing Driving Fitness with Patients: An Initiative to Improve Provider-Patient Discussions About Safe Driving. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2021 Oct. Epub ahead of print.
• Congenital Heart Disease and Driving. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. February 2023.
• Baker JM, Drews-Botsch C, Pfeiffer MR, Curry AE. Driver Licensing and Motor Vehicle Crash Rates Among Young Adults with Amblyopia and Unilateral Vision Impairment. J AAPOS. 2019.
• Epilepsy and Driving. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. January 2024.
• Gaw CE, Metzger KB, Pfeiffer MR, Yerys BE Boyd RC, Corwin DJ, Curry AE. Driver's Licensure and Driving Outcomes Among Youths With Mood Disorders. JAMA Network Open. 2024 April 1;7(4):e245543.
• Oyefiade A, Paltin I, De Luca CR, Hardy KK, Grosshans DR, Chintagumpala M, Mattbott DJ, Kahalley LS. Cognitive Risk In Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021, 39(16), 1718-1726.
• Krull KR, Hardy KK, Kahalley LS, Schuitema I, Kesler SR. Neurocognitive Outcomes and Interventions in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36(21), 2181-2189.

  Self Driving Cars/Advanced Driver Assistance System Technologies

• Cicchio, JB. Effects of Emergency Braking on Pedestrian Crash Risk. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. February 2022.
• Mueller AS, Cicchino JB. Teen Driver Crashes Potentially Preventable By Crash Avoidance Features and Teen-Driver-Specific Safety Technologies. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. September 2021.
• Retting R. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• Metzger KB, Sartin E, Foss RD, Curry AE. Vehicle Safety Characteristics in Vulnerable Driver Populations.Traffic Injury Prevention. (Epub 2020 August 27).
• Seacrist T, Sahani R, Chingas G, Douglas EC, Graci V, Loeb H. Efficacy of Automatic Emergency Braking Among Risky Drivers Using Counterfactual Simulations from the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study. Safety Science. 2020.
• Jermakian JS, Edwards MA, Fein S, Maltese MR. Factors Contributing to Serious and Fatal Injuries in Belted Rear-seat Occupants in Frontal Crashes. Insurance Institute of Highway Safety: April 2019.
• Ryerson MS, Miller JE, Winston FK. Edge Conditions and Crash-Avoidance Roles: The Future of Traffic Safety in the World of Autonomous Vehicles. Injury Prevention. April 2019.
• Hannan C, Palumbo AJ, Fisher-Thiel M, Weiss E, Seacrist T. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Teen Drivers: A National Survey of Teen and Parent Perceptions. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018:1-7.
• Seacrist T. Perceptions of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and New Driver Safety. Research In Action blog. The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. November 13, 2018.
• Belwadi A, Loeb H, Shen M, Shaikh M, Ward C. Emergency Autonomous to Manual Takeover in a Driving Simulator: Teen vs. Adult Drivers - A Pilot Study. SAE Technical Paper. 2018. 
• Ryerson MS, Miller JE, Winston FK. Edge Conditions and Crash-avoidance Roles: The Future of Traffic Safety in the World of Autonomous Vehicles. Inj. Prev. 2018.
• Weiss E, Fisher-Thiel M, Sultana N, Hannan C, Seacrist T. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Teen Drivers: Teen and Parent Impressions, Perceived Need, and Intervention Preferences.Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19(sup1):S120-S124.
• Mehler B, Reimer B, Lavallière M, Dobres J, Coughlin JF. Evaluating Technologies Relevant to the Enhancement of Driver Safety. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. 2014 August. 
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. US DOT Releases New Automated Driving Systems Guidance. September 12, 2017. 
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Safety Technologies. Accessed November 7, 2017. 
• Strayer DL, Cooper JM, Phd, Goethe RM, McCarty MM, Getty D, Biondi F. Visual and Cognitive Demands of Using In Vehicle Infotainment Systems. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. October 2017. 

Driving School Considerations

• Myers, RK, Bonsu JM, Carey ME, Yerys B, Curry AE, Mollen CJ. Teaching Autistic Adolescents and Young Adults to Drive: Perspectives of Specialized Driving Instructors. Autism in Adulthood. May 22, 2019 (online ahead of print).
• Winston FK. What Parents Should Look for in a Driving School. Philadelphia Inquirer. August 23, 2017. 

Driving Alone

Intermediate License Tips from TDP

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2021, June). Young Drivers: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS813 130). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Garcia-Espana JF, Ginsburg KR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Winston FK. Primary Access to Vehicles Increases Risky Teen Driving Behaviors and Crashes: National Perspective. Pediatrics. 20009;124(4):1069-1075.
• Simons-Morton BG, Hartos JL, Leaf WA. Promoting Parental Management of Teen Driving. Inj Prev. 2002;8 Suppl 2ii24-ii30; discussion ii30-ii31.

Setting House Rules

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, June). Young Drivers: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 130). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Garcia-Espana JF, Ginsburg KR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Winston FK. Primary Access to Vehicles Increases Risky Teen Driving Behaviors and Crashes: National Perspective. Pediatrics. 2009; 124(4):1069-1075.
• Ginsburg KR, Durbin D, Garcia-Espana FJ, Kalicka EA, Winston FK. Associations Between Parenting Styles and Teen Driving, Safety-related Behaviors and Attitudes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):1040-51.

Parent Teen Driving Agreement

• Simons-Morton BG, Hartos JL, Leaf WA. Promoting Parental Management of Teen Driving. Inj Prev. 2002;8 Suppl 2ii24-ii30; discussion ii30-ii31.
• Ginsburg KR, Durbin D, Garcia-Espana FJ, Kalicka EA, Winston FK. Associations Between Parenting Styles and Teen Driving, Safety-related Behaviors and Attitudes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):1040-51.

Parents as Role Models

• LaVoie N, Lee Y-C, Parker J. Preliminary Research Developing a Theory of Cell Phone Distraction and Social Relationships. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;86:155-160
• Hafetz J, Jacobsohn LS, Garcia-Espana JF, Curry AE, Winston FK. Adolescent Drivers’ Perceptions of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abstention from In-Vehicle Cell Phone Use. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(6):1570-1576.
• McDonald CC, Kennedy E, Fleisher L, Zonfrillo MR. Factors Associated with Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Survey of Parents and Caregivers of Children Ages 4-10 Years. Journal of Pediatrics. 2018.

Develop a Code Word

• Li K, Simons-Morton BG, Vaca FE, Hingson R. Association Between Riding with an Impaired Driver and Driving While Impaired. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):620-626.
• Beck KH, Boyle JR, Boekeloo BO. Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Drinking: Results of a 12-Month Follow-Up. Am J Health Behav. 2004;28(3):272-279.

Car Considerations

• Metzger KB, Sartin E, Foss RD, Curry AE. Vehicle Safety Characteristics in Vulnerable Driver Populations. Traffic Injury Prevention. (Epub 2020 August 27).
• International Institute for Highway Safety. Special Issue: Vehicles for Teens. Status Report: 49(5). July 16, 2014. 
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Safety Ratings. Accessed November 7, 2017. 
• National Safety Council. Check to Protect Program. Accessed November 9, 2017.
• Carrns A. Advice Has Changed on What Car to Buy for a Young Driver. New York Times. June 8, 2018.
• Garcia-Espana JF, Ginsburg KR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Winston FK. Primary Access to Vehicles Increases Risky Teen Driving Behaviors and Crashes: National Perspective. Pediatrics. 20009;124(4):1069-1075.
• Barry, Keith. Best Cars for Teen Drivers. consumerreports.org. January 31, 2019.

After A Crash

• de Vries AP, Kassam-Adams N, Cnaan A, Sherman-Slate E, Gallagher PR, Winston FK. Looking Beyond the Physical Injury: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Parents After Pediatric Traffic Injury. Pediatrics. 1999. Dec;104(6):1293-9.
• National Safety Council. What Should You Keep in the Car? Accessed December 1, 2017.
• Center for Injury Research and Prevention; National Child Trauma Stress Network. After the Injury: Helping My Child Cope (Fact Sheet). Accessed December 1, 2017.
• AAA. What to Do After a Car Crash. June 2, 2018. 

Teen Crash Risks & Prevention

• Kelleher S, Gonzalez AK, Cheng S, Koepke N, Walshe EA, Millner J, Fischer JC, Schlotter CM, Winston FK, Fiks AG. Testing A New Care Model: Implementing A Virtual Driving Assessment in Primary Care. Annals of Family Medicine. July-August 2024; 22(4):357.
• Huang P. Dangerous Trend: Street Racing. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention. November 12, 2024.
• Governors Highway Safety Association. Young Drivers and Traffic Fatalities: 20 Years of Progress On the Road to Zero. October 18, 2023.
• Walshe E, Elliott M, Shukai C, Romer D, Curry A, Grethlein D, Gonzalez A, Winston F. Driving Skills at Licensure and Time to First Crash.Pediatrics. 2023 Oct 16 (online first).
• Raymond P. America's Rural Roads: Beautiful and Deadly. Governors Highway Safety Association. September 2022.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Jazayeri A, Martinez JRB, Loeb HS, Yang CC. The Impact of Driver Distraction and Secondary Tasks With and Without Other Co-Occurring Driving Behaviors on the Level of Road Traffic Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2021 Apr;153:106010. Epub: 2021 Feb 18.

Car Accident Prevention

• Governors Highway Safety Association. Young Drivers and Traffic Fatalities: 20 Years of Progress On the Road to Zero. October 18, 2023.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Speeding: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 582). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Walshe E, Elliott M, Shukai C, Romer D, Curry A, Grethlein D, Gonzalez A, Winston F. Driving Skills at Licensure and Time to First Crash.Pediatrics. 2023 Oct 16 (online first).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Jazayeri, A, Martinez JR, Loeb HS, Yang CC. The Impact of Driver Distraction and Secondary Tasks With and Without Other Co-occurring Driving Behaviors on the Level of Road Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2021. Epub: 2021 Feb 18.
• Sarwahi V, Atlas AM, Galina J, Satin A, Dowling TJ, Hasan S, Amaral TD, Lo Y. Seat Belts Save Lives, and Spines, in Motor Vehicle Accidents. Spine: April 12, 2021 (Published Ahead of Print). 
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Metzger KB, Sartin E, Foss RD, Curry AE. Vehicle Safety Characteristics in Vulnerable Driver Populations. Traffic Injury Prevention. (Epub 2020 August 27).
• Curry AE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Sartin EB, Huang P, Yerys BE. Comparison of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Traffic Violations, and License Suspensions Between Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescent and Young Adult Drivers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021.
• Gaw CW, Berthet E, Curry AE, Zonfrillo MR, Arbogast K B, Corwin DJ. Pediatric Health Care Provider Perspectives on Injury Prevention Counseling in Acute and Primary Care Settings. Clinical Pediatrics. July 15, 2020. (online first)
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed March 24, 2020. 
• McDonald CC, Sommers M, Fargo JD, Seacrist T. Simulated Driving Performance, Self-Reported Driving Behaviors, and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescent Novice Drivers. Nursing Research. 2018 March 26 (publish ahead of print).
• McDonald CC, Kandadai V, Sommers MS, Winston FK. Comparison of Teen and Adult Driver Crash Scenarios in a Nationally Representative Sample of Serious Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Nov; 72:302-308.Mayhew, DR, Simpson, HM, Pak A. (2003).
•  Changes in Collision Rates Among Novice Drivers During the First Months of Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2013; 35(5), 683-91.Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• McCartt AT, Shabanova VI, Leaf WA. Driving Experience, Crashes, and Traffic Citations of Teenage Beginning Drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;42(6):1570-1576.
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Nov;55(5):620-6
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Winston FK, Wang W, Elliott MR, Schultheis MT, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Aug;168(8):764-71
• Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Driving Through the Eyes of Teens: A Closer Look. 2009.

Basic Facts About Teen Crashes

• Gaw CE, Metzger KB, Pfeiffer MR, Yerys BE, Boyd RC, Corwin DJ, Curry AE. Driver's Licensure and Driving Outcomes Among Youths With Mood Disorders. JAMA Network Open. 2024 April 7.

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Speeding: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 582). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, August, Revised). Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 578). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

• Smith Dana G. A Higher Standard: America's Drunk Driving Limit. New York Times. August 4, 2024.

• Governors Highway Safety Association. Young Drivers and Traffic Fatalities: 20 Years of Progress On the Road to Zero. October 18, 2023.
• Gaw CE, Metzger KB, Pfeiffer MR, Yerys BE, Boyd RC, Corwin DJ, Curry AE. Driver's Licensure and Driving Outcomes Among Youths With Mood Disorders. JAMA Network Open. 2024 April 7.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2023, August) Young Drivers: 2021 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 492). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, May). Pedestrians: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 079). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021.
• Sarwahi V, Atlas AM, Galina J, Satin A, Dowling TJ, Hasan S, Amaral TD, Lo Y. Seat Belts Save Lives, and Spines, in Motor Vehicle Accidents. Spine: April 12, 2021 (Published Ahead of Print).  
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed March 24, 2020. 
• McDonald CC, Sommers M, Fargo JD, Seacrist T. Simulated Driving Performance, Self-Reported Driving Behaviors, and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescent Novice Drivers. Nursing Research. 2018 March 26 (publish ahead of print).
• McDonald CC, Kandadai V, Sommers MS, Winston FK. Comparison of Teen and Adult Driver Crash Scenarios in a Nationally Representative Sample of Serious Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Nov; 72:302-308
• Mayhew, DR, Simpson, HM, Pak A. (2003). Changes in Collision Rates Among Novice Drivers During the First Months of Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2013; 35(5), 683-91.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• McCartt AT, Shabanova VI, Leaf WA. Driving Experience, Crashes, and Traffic Citations of Teenage Beginning Drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;42(6):1570-1576.
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014Nov;55(5):620-6
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Winston FK, Wang W, Elliott MR, Schultheis MT, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Aug;168(8):764-71.
• Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Driving Through the Eyes of Teens: A Closer Look. 2009.

Inexperience

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• McDonald CC, Kandadai V, Sommers MS, Winston FK. Comparison of Teen and Adult Driver Crash Scenarios in a Nationally Representative Sample of Serious Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Nov; 72:302-308
• Mayhew, DR, Simpson, HM, Pak A. (2003). Changes in Collision Rates Among Novice Drivers During the First Months of Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2013; 35(5), 683-91.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• McCartt AT, Shabanova VI, Leaf WA. Driving Experience, Crashes, and Traffic Citations of Teenage Beginning Drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2003;42(6):1570-1576.
• Mirman JH, Albert WD, Curry AE, Winston FK, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. TeenDrivingPlan Effectiveness: The Effect of Quantity and Diversity of Supervised Practice on Teens’ Driving Performance. J Adolesc Health. 2014Nov;55(5):620-6
• Mirman JH, Curry AE, Winston FK, Wang W, Elliott MR, Schultheis MT, Fisher Thiel MC, Durbin DR. Effect of the Teen Driving Plan on the Driving Performance of Teenagers Before Licensure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Aug;168(8):764-71.

Driving Hazards

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2023, April). Overview of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes in 2021. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 435). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Electric Scooter Injuries Increased More Than 70% in Youth Age 18 and Younger From 2020-2021.October 20, 2023.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, May). Pedestrians: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 079). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• ​​​​​​Curry AE, Metzger KB, Carey ME, Sartin EB, Huang P, Yerys BE. Comparison of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Traffic Violations, and License Suspensions Between Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescent and Young Adult Drivers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• McDonald CC, Kandadai V, Sommers MS, Winston FK. Comparison of Teen and Adult Driver Crash Scenarios in a Nationally Representative Sample of Serious Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Nov; 72:302-308.
• FARS and Population Estimates by State, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The Intercensal Population Estimates provide a consistent time series of population estimates that reflect the most recent 2010 census results. Fatality rate = deaths per 100,000 population. Accessed October 7, 2019.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753).

Nighttime Driving

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis.(2022, June). Young Drivers: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 313). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Cicchio, JB. Effects of Emergency Braking on Pedestrian Crash Risk. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. February 2022.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System(YRBSS). Trends in the Prevalence of Behaviors that Contribute to Unintentional Injury (National YRBS: 1991-2017). January 2019.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2022, May) Fatality Facts 2020: Teenagers. Highway Loss Data Institute.

Rules of the Road

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2022, May). Pedestrians: 2020 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 310). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Transportation Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. August 2020.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
• Enriquez J., Pickrell TM. (2019, January). Seat Belt Use in 2018 – Overall Results. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 662). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (December 2019). Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 2018 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 864). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

Speeding

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Huang P. Dangerous Trend: Street Racing. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention. November 12, 2024.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Speeding: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 582). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Ju U, Williamson J, Wallraven C. Predicting Driving Speed From Psychological Metrics in a Virtual Reality Car Driving Simulation. Sci Rep. 2022 June 16:12(1):10044.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Walshe EA, Winston FK, Romer D. Rethinking Cell Phone Use While Driving: Isolated Risk Behavior or a Pattern of Risk-Taking Associated with Impulsivity in Young Drivers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11): 5640.  
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813).
• Speeding: Injury Facts. National Safety Council Analysis of Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Data from the National Center for Statistics and Analysis at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed March 24, 2020.  
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Trends in the Prevalence of Behaviors that Contribute to Unintentional Injury (National YRBS: 1991-2017). January 2019.
• Curry AE, Hafetz J, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Prevalence of Teen Driver Errors Leading to Serious Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(4):1285-1290.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Speeding: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 687). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

Seat Belt Use

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Speeding: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 582). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  
• Sartin EB, Lombardi LR, Metzger KB, Myers RK, Pfeiffer MR, Curry AE. Variation in Drivers' Seat Belt Use By Indicators of Community-Level Vulnerability. Journal of Safety Research. 2023 Feb.
• Suffoletto B, Pacella-LaBarbara ML, Huber J, Delgado MK, McDonald C. Effectiveness of a Text Message Intervention Promoting Seat Belt Use Among Young Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2022 Sep 1:5(9):e2231616.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, June). Young Drivers: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 130). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• Sarwahi V, Atlas AM, Galina J, Satin A, Dowling TJ, Hasan S, Amaral TD, Lo Y. Seat Belts Save Lives, and Spines, in Motor Vehicle Accidents. Spine: April 12, 2021 (Published Ahead of Print). 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Transportation Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. August 2020.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Seat Belt Facts. Accessed January 29, 2021
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019, May). Young Drivers: 2017 Data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 753). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Enriquez J., Pickrell, TM. (2019, January). Seat Belt Use in 2018 – Overall Results. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 662). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Impaired Driving

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, August, Revised). Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 578). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Smith Dana G. A Higher Standard: America's Drunk Driving Limit. New York Times. August 4, 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, February). Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends.
• National Transportation Safety Board Safety Research Report  (December 13, 2022). Alcohol, Other Drug, and Multiple Drug Use Among Drivers. (SPR-22-02).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2022, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Hubbard JA, Severson J, Huestis MA, Grant I, Fitzgerald RL. Driving Performance and Cannabis Users' Perception of Safety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 March 1;79(3):201-209.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, June). Young Drivers: 2019 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 130). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• Delgado MK, Shofer F, Wetherill R, Curtis B, Hemmons J, Spencer E, Branas C, Wiebe DJ, Kranzler HR. Accuracy of Consumer-Marketed Smartphone-Paired Alcohol Breath Testing Devices: A Laboratory Validation Study. Alcohol Clic Exp Res. 2021 May;45(5):1091-1099. Epub 2021 May 9. 
• Li Li MS, Guoqing H, Schwebel DC, et al. Analysis of US Teen Driving After Using Marijuana, 2017. JAMA Network Open. (2020, December).
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis (October 2019). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview. Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 826. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Ginsburg KR, Durbin D, Garcia-Espana FJ, Kalicka EA, Winston FK. Associations Between Parenting Styles and Teen Driving, Safety-related Behaviors and Attitudes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):1040-51.
• Zakrajsek JS, Shope JT. Longitudinal Examination of Underage Drinking and Subsequent Drinking and Risky Driving. J Safety Res. 2006;37(5):443-451.
• Li K, Simons-Morton BG, Brooks-Russell A, Ehsani J, Hingson R. Drinking and Parenting Practices as Predictors of Impaired Driving Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014; 75(1):5-15.
• Li Ki, Simons-Morton BG, Vaca FE, Hingson R. Association Between Riding with an Impaired Driver and Driving While Impaired. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(4):620-626.
• Hadland SE, Xuan Z, Sarda V,Blanchette J, Swahn MH, Heeren TC, Voas RB, Naimi TS. Alcohol Policies and Alcohol-Related Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities Among Young People in the US. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).
• Macy ML, Carter PM, Bingham CR, Cunningham RM, Freed GL. Potential Distractions and Unsafe Driving Behaviors Among Drivers of 1- to 12-year-old Children. Acad Pediatr. 2014 May-Jun; 14(3):279-86.
• Peck RC, Gebers MA, Voas RB, Romano E. The Relationship Between Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), Age, and Crash Risk. J Safety Res 2008; 39:311-19.
• Voas RB, Torres P, Romano E, Lacey, JH. Alcohol-related Risk of Driver Fatalities: An Update Using 2007 Data. Jour Stud Alcohol Drugs 2012;73(3):341-350.
• Romano E, Kelly-Baker T. Child Passengers Injured in Motor Vehicle Crashes. J Safety Res. 2015 Feb; 52:1-8.
• Insurance Information Institute. Facts and Statistics About Alcohol-Impaired Driving. Accessed October 8, 2019.
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Transportation Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. August 2020.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (December 2019). Alcohol-Impaired Driving: 2018 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 864). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drowsy Driving. Accessed October 8, 2019. 
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drowsy Driving Research and Program Plan (DOT HS 812252). March 2016. 

Marijuana Use and Driving

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, February). Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends.
• National Transportation Safety Board Safety Research Report  (December 13, 2022). Alcohol, Other Drug, and Multiple Drug Use Among Drivers. (SPR-22-02).
• Hubbard JA, Severson J, Huestis MA, Grant I, Fitzgerald RL. Driving Performance and Cannabis Users' Perception of Safety: A Randomoized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 March 1;79(3):201-209.
• Avril T. Rules of the Road: If You're Pulled Over. Philadelphia Inquirer. May 16, 2022. 
• Li Li MS, Guoqing H, Schwebel DC, et al. Analysis of US Teen Driving After Using Marijuana, 2017. JAMA Network Open. (2020, December).
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Dahlgren KM, Sagar KA, Smith RT, Lambros AM, Kuppe MK, Gruber SA. Recreational Cannibas Use Impairs Driving Performance in the Absence of Acute Intoxication. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Vol. 208, March 2020.

• Recreational Marijuana and Collision Claim Frequencies. October 2018. HLDI Bulletin. Vol. 35, No. 8. Bulletin 8. Vol. 35, No. 8.
• What You Need to Know About Marijuana Use and Driving. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2017.
• Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF. (2009). The Influence of Substance Use on Adolescent Brain Development. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40(1), 31-8.
• Scott JC, Slomiak ST., Jones, JD, Rosen AF, Moore TM, Gur RC. (2018). Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 585-595.
• Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, Harrington H, Houts R, Keefe RS, Moffitt, T.E. (2012). Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 2657-2664.
• Afzali MH, Bourque J, Stewart SH, Séguin JR, O’Leary-Barrett M, Conrod PJ.(2018). A Population-Based Analysis of the Relationship Between Substance Use and Adolescent Cognitive Development. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 98-106.
• Huang P. Discussing the Impact of Marijuana and Driving. Research In Action Blog. Center for Injury Research and Prevention at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Feb. 24, 2014.

Drowsy Driving

• Dzierzewski J, Nielson S, Lopos J.  Population-Based Estimates of Drowsy Driving Among US Teens: A National Sleep Foundation Study. Sleep. May 2024.
• Tefft BC (2024). Drowsy Driving in Fatal Crashes, United States, 2017-2021 (Research Brief). Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2023, April). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2021. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 435).
• Weaver MD, Barger LK, Malone SK, Anderson LS, Klerman EB. Dose-Dependent Associations Between Sleep Duration and Unsafe Behaviors Among US High School Students. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018; 172(12):1187-1189.
• Foss RD, Smith RL, O'Brien NP. School Start Times and Teenage Motor Vehicle Crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2019 May: 126:54-63.
• Suni E. Drowsy Driving. Sleep Foundation. April 18, 2022.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel. Accessed November 11, 2022. 
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drowsy Driving Research and Program Plan (DOT HS 812252). March 2016. 

Distracted Driving

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• McDonald CC, Rix K, Ebert JP, Aryal S, Xiong R, Wiebe DJ, Delgado MK. Handheld Cellphone Use and Risky Driving Behaviors in Adolescents. JAMA Network Open. Oct 1;7(10):e2439328. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Teen Distracted Driver Data. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Distracted Driving in 2022. (Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 559). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Ebert JP, Delgado MK, et al. A Randomized Trial of Behavioral Interventions Yielding Sustained Reductions in Distracted Driving. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024. Aug 6.
•  Xiong R, Patel A, Abdel-Rahman D, McDonald C, Delgado, M. Validation of a Smartphone Telematics Algorithm for Classifying Driver Trips. Science Direct. May 2024.
• Ebert J, Xiong R, Patel A, Abdel-Rahman D, McDonald C, Delgado, M. Validation of a Smartphone Telematics Algorithm for Classifying Driver Trips. Science Direct. May 2024.
• Delgado KM, Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Winston FK, McDonald CC, et al. Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. July 2024. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Curry, AE, Sartin EB, Metzger KB, McDonald CC, Carey ME, Power TJ, Yerys BE. Real-World Crash Circumstances Among Newly Licensed Adolescent Drivers With and Without ADHD. Journal of Adolescent Health. April 13, 2022 (online).
• Walshe EA, Winston FK, Romer D. Rethinking Cell Phone Use While Driving: Isolated Risk Behavior or a Pattern of Risk-Taking Associated with Impulsivity in Young Drivers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11): 5640. 
• Jazayeri, A, Martinez JR, Loeb HS, Yang CC. The Impact of Driver Distraction and Secondary Tasks With and Without Other Co-occurring Driving Behaviors on the Level of Road Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2021. Epub: 2021 Feb 18.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Distracted Driving. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed March 26, 2020.
• Carney C, McGehee D, Harland H, Weiss M, and Raby M. Using Naturalistic Driving Data to Assess the Prevalence of Environment Factors and Driver Behaviors in Teen Driver Crashes. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. March 2015. 
• McDonald CC, Sommers MS. Teen Drivers’ Perceptions of Inattention and Cell Phone Use While Driving. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(sup2):S52-S58.
• LaVoie N, Lee Y-C, Parker J. Preliminary Research Developing a Theory of Cell Phone Distraction and Social Relationships. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;86:155-160.
• Walshe E. Can Loud Music Affect Driving Performance? Research in Action blog. April 16, 2018. 
• Governors Highway Safety Association. Distracted Driving State Laws. Accessed December 10, 2018. 
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Transportation Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. August 2020.
• Winston FK, Kallan MJ, Senserrick TM, Elliott MR. Risk Factors for Death Among Older Children and Teenage Motor Vehicle Passengers. Arch Ped Adolesc Medicine. 2008 Mar;162(3):253-60.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR. Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):47-54. 

Peer Passengers

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Retting R, Fischer PS. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. Governors Highways Safety Association. January 2021. 
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR. Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):47-54.
• McDonald CC, Sommers MS. Good Passengers and Not Good Passengers: Adolescent Drivers’ Perceptions About Inattention and Peer Passengers. J Pediatr Nurs. 2016 Nov 2016.
• Curry AE, Mirman JH, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR. Peer Passengers: How Do They Affect Teen Crashes? J Adolesc Health. 2012 Jun;50(6):588-94.
• Goodwin AH, Foss RD, O’Brien, NP. The Effect of Passengers on Teen Driver Behavior. (Report No. DOT HS 811 540). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

Cell Phones

• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, July). Young Drivers: 2022 Data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 601). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• McDonald CC, Rix K, Ebert JP, Aryal S, Xiong R, Wiebe DJ, Delgado MK. Handheld Cellphone Use and Risky Driving Behaviors in Adolescents. JAMA Network Open. Oct 1;7(10):e2439328.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Teen Distracted Driver Data. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2024, April). Distracted Driving in 2022. (Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 559). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• Ebert JP, Delgado MK, et al. A Randomized Trial of Behavioral Interventions Yielding Sustained Reductions in Distracted Driving. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024. Aug 6.
• Ebert J, Xiong R, Patel A, Abdel-Rahman D, McDonald C, Delgado, M. Validation of a Smartphone Telematics Algorithm for Classifying Driver Trips. Science Direct. May 2024.
• Delgado KM, Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Winston FK, McDonald CC, et al. Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. July 2024. 
• Suffoletto B, Pacella-LaBarbara ML, Huber J, Delgado MK, McDonald C. Effectiveness of a Text Message Intervention to Reduce Texting While Driving Among Targeted Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2022 Oct:71(4);423-31.
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, March). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2020. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813 266).
• Walshe EA, Winston FK, Romer D. Rethinking Cell Phone Use While Driving: Isolated Risk Behavior or a Pattern of Risk-Taking Associated with Impulsivity in Young Drivers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11): 5640.
• The Effect of Passengers on Teen Driver Behavior. (Report No. DOT HS 811 540). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
• National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, December). Overview of Motor Vehicle Crashes in 2019. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 813)
• Distracted Driving. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Accessed March 26, 2020.
• McDonald CC, Sommers MS. Teen Drivers’ Perceptions of Inattention and Cell Phone Use While Driving. Traffic Inj Prev. 2015;16(sup2):S52-S58.
• Hafetz J, Jacobsohn LS, Garcia-Espana JF, Curry AE, Winston FK. Adolescent Drivers’ Perceptions of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abstention From In-Vehicle Cell Phone Use. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(6):1570-1576.
• Just MA, Keller TA, Cynkar JA. A Decrease in Brain Activation Associated With Driving When Listening to Someone Speak. Brain Research. 2008; 1205:70-80.
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Trends in the Prevalence of Behaviors that Contribute to Unintentional Injury (National YRBS: 1991-2017). January 2019.
• Olsen, EO, Shults RA, Eaton DK. Texting While Driving and Other Risky Motor Vehicle Behaviors Among US High School Students. Pediatrics 2013; 131(6): p. e1708-15.
• Caird JK, Johnston KA, Willness CR, Asbridge M, Steel P. A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Texting on Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 2014 Oct;71:311-8.
• Delgado KM, Wanner KJ, McDonald CC. Adolescent Cellphone Use While Driving: An Overview of the Literature and Promising Future Directions for Prevention. Media and Communication. 2016;4(3).
• Delgado MK, McDonald CC, Winston FK, Halpern SD, Buttenheim AM, Setubal C, Huang Y, Saulsgiver KA, Lee YC. Attitudes on Technological, Social, and Behavioral Economic Strategies to Reduce Cellphone Use While Driving in Teens. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2018 April 13 (e-pub ahead of print).
• Walshe EA, Winston FK, Romer D, Betancourt LM, Arena K. Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Pattern of Risk in Young Novice Drivers. Academic Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatology. 2018;6(5).
• Winston FK. Tips to Get Teens to Turn Off Their Devices When They Drive. Philadelphia Inquirer. June 19, 2018.
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Transportation Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. August 2020.

Advocacy & Education

Advocate for Better GDL

• Governors Highway Safety Association. Young Drivers and Traffic Fatalities: 20 Years of Progress On the Road to Zero. October 18, 2023.
• Moore TJ, Morris T. Shaping the Habits of Teen Drivers (April 2021).  NBER Working Paper No. w28707.
• Curry AE, Metzger KB, Williams AF, Tefft BC. Comparison of Older and Younger Novice Driver Crash Rates: Informing the Need for Extended Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;108:66-73.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Localio R, Durbin DR. Graduated Driver Licensing Decal Law: Effect on Young Probationary Drivers. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Jan;44(1):1-7.
• Curry AE, Elliott MR, Pfeiffer MR, Kim KH, Durbin DR. Long-term Changes in Crash Rates After Introduction of a Graduated Driver Licensing Decal Provision. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Feb;48(2):121-7.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Association Between New Jersey’s Graduated Driver Licensing Provision and Crash Rates of Young Drivers with Learner’s Permits. Inj Prev. 2015 Dec;21(6):421-3.
• Palumbo AJ, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Curry AE. Young Driver Compliance With Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions Before and After Implementation of A Decal Provision. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2018.
• Curry AE, Foss RD, Williams AF. Graduated Driver Licensing for Older Novice Drivers: Critical Analysis of the Issues. Am J Prev Med. 2017.

GDL Identifiers and Decals

• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Localio R, Durbin DR. Graduated Driver Licensing Decal Law: Effect on Young Probationary Drivers. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Jan;44(1):1-7.
• Curry AE, Elliott MR, Pfeiffer MR, Kim KH, Durbin DR. Long-term Changes in Crash Rates After Introduction of a Graduated Driver Licensing Decal Provision. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Feb;48(2):121-7.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Association Between New Jersey’s Graduated Driver Licensing Provision and Crash Rates of Young Drivers with Learner’s Permits. Inj Prev. 2015 Dec;21(6):421-3.
• Palumbo AJ, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Curry AE. Young Driver Compliance With Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions Before and After Implementation of A Decal Provision. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2018.

Recommended Age for Intermediate License

• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR. Comparison of Older and Younger Novice Driver Crash Rates: Informing the Need for Extended Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions Accid Anal Prev. 2017;108:66-73.n>
• Curry AE, Foss RD, Williams AF. Graduated Driver Licensing for Older Novice Drivers: Critical Analysis of the Issues. Am J Prev Med. 2017.
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Association Between New Jersey’s Graduated Driver Licensing Provision and Crash Rates of Young Drivers with Learner’s Permits. Inj Prev. 2015 Dec;21(6):421-3.
• Curry AE,  Pfeiffer MR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Kim KH. Young Driver Licensing in New Jersey: Rates and Trends, 2006-2011. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. July 2014. 
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Durbin DR, Elliott MR, Kim KH. Young Driver Crash Rates in New Jersey by Driving Experience, Age, and License Phase. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. October 2014. 

Promote Compliance with GDL

• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR. Compliance With and Enforcement of Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1):47-54.>
• Palumbo AJ, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Curry AE. Young Driver Compliance With Graduated Driver Licensing Restrictions Before and After Implementation of A Decal Provision. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2018. 
• Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, Elliott MR, Durbin DR. Association Between New Jersey’s Graduated Driver Licensing Provision and Crash Rates of Young Drivers with Learner’s Permits. Inj Prev. 2015 Dec;21(6):421-3.